Furthermore, the 3D woven preforms can be made conveniently on standard industrial weaving looms (i.e., a rapier loom) by minor machine modifications (i.e., by increasing the number of heald frames and/or rapier picks). Comparatively, composites made of 3D woven fabrics have higher z-direction strength, delamination resistance, and damage tolerance, together with better integrity and design flexibility. Because of the lacking of reinforcements in the through-thickness direction, the out-plane mechanical properties are resin dominated and often lower than those of in-plane, limiting their use in many structural applications where complex loadings are present. In these applications, 2D laminates were used primarily due to their outstanding in-plane performance, higher stiffness-or strength-to-weight ratio, and fabrication convenience. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites have been used successfully in aircraft, rails, automotive, water vehicles, and sports devices.
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